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Substitution of steel spring by S-Ply® leaf spring   Due to their  greater spring action, steel spring packages can be replaced by fewer or even one S-Ply® leaf spring for many applications.   Example:   a) Substitution   b) Cost calculation   Steel leaf spring: 155 x 25 x 2 mm 1 package of 10 springs   S-Ply® leaf spring: It is essential:   with: hS-Ply = Thickness of S-Ply® spring hStahl = Thickness of steel spring nStahl = Amount of steel springs EStahl = Modulus of elasticity (here 210.000 N/mm2) ES-Ply = Modulus of elasticity of S-Ply® leaf spring (here 28.000 N/mm2)   The result is that 10 steel leaf springs with a thickness of 2 mm each can be replaced by only 1 S-Ply® leaf spring with the thickness of 8,5 mm. Steel leaf spring* 10 pieces at 1,20 € = 12,00 € Intermediate package layers 18 pieces at 0,12 € = 2,16 € Total costs 14,16 € * purchase quantity > 1000 pieces, status 2009   S-Ply® leaf spring** 1 pc. at 4,13 € = 4,13 € shim plates (if applicable) 4 pc. at 0,12 € = 0,48

The SAE J1939 standard (Serial Control and Communications Heavy Duity Vehicle Network) has originally been designed by SAE International to be used in heavy duty vehicles. In the meantime, the protocol is widely used also in agricultural machinery, rail vehicles and sea vessels and in a wide range of diesel-driven machinery. Target group J1939 training The target group of the J1939 intensive workshop is development engineers who are looking for a quick start into handling the communications profile or would like to get an insight into the J1939 protocol stack. Also, we address decision makers and product managers to enable them to assess the suitability of the J1939 protocol stack for their applications.